Signs and Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults and can interfere with daily functioning. Key symptoms include:

• Inattention:
  • Struggles with maintaining focus on tasks.
  • Frequently losing important items.
  • Difficulty following instructions.
• Hyperactivity:
  • Constant fidgeting or squirming.
  • Inability to stay seated when expected.
  • Always being “on the go.”
• Impulsivity:
  • Often interrupting or intruding on others.
  • Blurting out answers prematurely.
  • Having trouble waiting for their turn.

If you notice such symptoms, you can consult an ADHD specialist online for a comprehensive evaluation and improve the quality of your life.

The Link Between ADHD and Addiction

The relationship between untreated ADHD and substance abuse is a complex interplay of neurobiological, psychological, and social factors. Individuals with ADHD are at an increased risk of developing addictive behaviors, making understanding this connection crucial for effective prevention and treatment strategies.

The Correlation Between ADHD and Addiction

Recent studies offer compelling evidence about the prevalence of addiction in individuals with ADHD. Individuals with ADHD are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to engage in substance abuse. Approximately 25-40% of adults receiving treatment for alcohol and substance misuse have been reported to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The path from ADHD to addiction can be traced to several key factors:

• Self-medication. Individuals with ADHD may turn to substances like alcohol, cannabis, or prescription medications to cope with their symptoms or the challenges associated with ADHD, such as anxiety or depression. However, this approach is short-sighted because there are significantly more dangerous outcomes compared to short-term relief.
• Impulsivity. A hallmark of ADHD, impulsivity, can lead to experimentation with drugs and alcohol at a younger age, increasing the risk of developing addiction.
• Brain chemistry. ADHD affects neurotransmitter systems in the brain that are also implicated in addiction, suggesting a neurobiological predisposition to substance abuse among those with ADHD.

Common Addictions Among People With ADHD

ADHD patients may become addicted to different substances:

• Alcohol. It is often used to self-medicate or socialize more easily, so alcohol addiction is a significant concern among those with ADHD. Up to 40% of adults with ADHD report struggles with alcohol.
• Cannabis. Many individuals with ADHD use cannabis to relax or alleviate symptoms, leading to a higher rate of use and potential for abuse. The rate of cannabis use in the ADHD population is 2 to 3 times the rate seen in the general population.
• Tobacco. Nicotine has a stimulant effect, which may temporarily alleviate some symptoms of ADHD, making smoking a common habit among those with ADHD. Over 40% of people with ADHD smoke, which is significantly higher than the general population’s 26%.
• Prescription drugs. Misuse of ADHD medication, such as stimulants, is common, as well as abuse of other prescription medications for their effects. There is a notable trend in misusing prescription medications, including stimulants, among those with ADHD.
• Illicit drugs. The impulsivity associated with ADHD can lead to experimentation with and addiction to illicit drugs, including cocaine and amphetamines.

Are ADHD Medications Addictive?

When it comes to treating ADHD, medication is often a key component of a comprehensive treatment plan. However, there is a common concern about the potential for addiction to ADHD medications. 

Understanding the types of medications and their risk profiles can help alleviate these concerns.

1. Stimulants. This class of medication is the most commonly prescribed for ADHD. They increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, improving concentration and reducing impulsivity and hyperactivity. These include:

• Adderall (amphetamine) and Dexedrine (amphetamine). Although known for their effectiveness, they have a high potential for abuse and addiction if not used as prescribed.
• Focalin (dexmethylphenidate), Concerta (methylphenidate), and Ritalin (methylphenidate). These medications also have a risk of addiction, as they can produce euphoria in high doses or when taken in ways other than prescribed.
• Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate). Designed to reduce the abuse potential by requiring conversion in the body before becoming active, Vyvanse still carries a risk if misused.

2. Non-stimulants. These medications provide an alternative for treating ADHD and have a lower risk of addiction compared to stimulants. They work differently in the brain and are often used when stimulants are ineffective or cause undesirable side effects. Examples include:

• Strattera (atomoxetine). The first non-stimulant approved for ADHD, it doesn’t have the same potential for abuse as stimulants.
• Catapres (clonidine) and Intuniv (guanfacine): Originally developed to treat high blood pressure, these medications can also help manage ADHD symptoms, particularly when combined with other treatments. Their potential for abuse is significantly lower than that of stimulants.

The Problem With Self-Medicating

Self-medicating refers to the use of substances, including alcohol, prescription medications, or illegal drugs, without medical supervision to manage the symptoms of a condition like ADHD. While it might provide temporary relief, self-medicating poses significant risks:

• Worsening symptoms. Self-medicating can actually exacerbate the symptoms of ADHD over time, leading to increased dependency and worsening mental health.
• Addiction risk. Using substances to manage ADHD symptoms increases the risk of developing an addiction, as the individual may become reliant on the substance for daily functioning.
• Negative side effects. Unsupervised use of substances can lead to adverse health effects, including physical harm and mental health issues such as depression or anxiety.
• Interference with treatment. Self-medicating can mask the symptoms of ADHD, making it harder for professionals to diagnose and treat the underlying condition effectively.

How Co-Occurring Addiction Is Treated Among People With ADHD

Treating co-occurring substance use disorder and ADHD requires a comprehensive and integrated approach:

• Dual diagnosis treatment. This involves addressing both ADHD and substance use disorder simultaneously, recognizing how they interact and affect each other.
• Medication management. Carefully selected medications can be used to treat ADHD without exacerbating substance abuse issues. Non-stimulant ADHD medications may be preferred due to their lower abuse potential.
• Behavioral therapies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other behavioral therapies can help individuals develop coping strategies for both ADHD symptoms and addiction recovery.
• Support groups. Participation in support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA), possibly alongside ADHD-specific support groups, can provide a sense of community and peer support.
• Education and counseling. Educating patients about the risks of alcohol and substance abuse and the importance of medication compliance is crucial, as is counseling to address any underlying emotional or psychological issues.

Prevention of Substance Abuse and Treatment for ADHD

Preventing substance abuse in individuals with ADHD involves early intervention, education, and comprehensive treatment approaches:

• Early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. Early identification and management of ADHD can reduce the likelihood of self-medicating with substances.
• Educational programs. Teaching individuals with ADHD and their families about the risks of substance abuse and the importance of managing ADHD with safe and effective treatments.
• Lifestyle modifications. Encouraging healthy lifestyle choices, such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep, can help manage ADHD symptoms naturally.
• Medication monitoring. For those prescribed stimulant medications, careful monitoring by healthcare providers can prevent misuse and diversion.
• Access to non-stimulant medications. Providing access to and information about non-stimulant medication options can offer alternatives to those concerned about the addictive potential of stimulants.
• Behavioral interventions. Techniques such as CBT, mindfulness training, and stress management can equip people with ADHD with the skills to manage symptoms without resorting to substance use.

In Conclusion

People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have a higher risk for substance abuse or addiction, so it’s crucial to look for disturbing symptoms and deal with them timely. Consider seeing a healthcare provider if you believe you may have untreated ADHD to go through an assessment and receive professional help. Also, seek treatment and support if you notice the signs of addiction: it’s more likely to overcome it at the early stage.

FAQ

Can drugs cause ADHD?

No, drugs cannot cause ADHD. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with genetic and environmental risk factors. Substance use can exacerbate symptoms, complicate treatment, and lead to other health issues, but does not cause ADHD itself.

Is ADHD a coping mechanism?

No, ADHD is a mental health disorder characterized by differences in brain development and activity that affect attention, the ability to sit still, and self-control.

What is the most abused ADHD medication?

The most abused ADHD medications are stimulants, particularly amphetamines (such as Adderall) and methylphenidate (such as Ritalin and Concerta), due to their potential for euphoria and increased focus. Remember to take prescription medications according to your clinician’s instructions.

How do medications help people with ADHD?

Medications for ADHD, like stimulants (e.g., Adderall, Ritalin), boost brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine, improving focus, attention, and control over impulses.

How can I control my ADHD without medication?

Controlling ADHD without medication can involve strategies like behavioral therapy, regular exercise, a structured routine, mindfulness practices, and a healthy diet. Support from therapy or ADHD coaching can also be beneficial.

However, sometimes, medication is a necessity. Consult your healthcare provider to learn what treatment can help you best.

The post The Connection Between Substance Abuse and ADHD appeared first on Emerald-Jenny-Foundation.

People resort to substances for various reasons: some seek the temporary feeling of euphoria, while others use them to cope with stress and problems. However, these effects are often faux, brief and can lead to more detrimental consequences of drug abuse. Let’s delve into the details of what substance use disorder is, explore its negative effects, and discuss how someone struggling with it can seek help.

Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a clinical term for the prolonged and excessive use of a substance in higher doses, resulting in both physical and psychological dependence. In this context, a substance is defined as a psychoactive substance, which alters mental functioning and has significant potential for abuse, including addiction. Substances broadly include nicotine, alcohol, sedatives, opioids, cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens, hypnotics, and other illicit chemicals. When SUD progresses to severity, it becomes known as drug addiction.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) recognizes SUD as a mental health disorder and has outlined specific criteria. These include a problematic pattern of excessive substance use leading to significant impairment or distress in personal, social, and professional life. Individuals with SUD may also be unable to control or stop substance use despite the negative consequences it may have on their lives. They tend to continue taking it trying to avoid withdrawal symptoms and develop tolerance over time.

Are Drug Abuse and Substance Use Disorders the Same?

The terms “drug abuse” and “substance use disorder” are often used interchangeably. However, they do not exactly refer to the same concept and differ in scope and clinical implications. Drug abuse is a broader term that generally refers to the misuse of drugs or substances in a manner deviating from approved medical use, which is harmful. This can include recreational use, experimentation, or use in excessive quantities.

In contrast, substance use disorder is a proper clinical diagnosis outlined in DSM-5, as discussed above, characterized by a more severe and chronic form of substance misuse and chronic impairment. SUD involves a loss of control over substance use, leading to physical and psychological dependence.

Consequences of Substance Use on Health and Brain

Chronic substance use can lead to long-term health consequences on a person’s brain and body, including impaired functioning from cellular to higher levels. When an individual misuses illicit drugs, their body can become dependent on them, impacting normal functioning. The individual becomes accustomed to relying on drugs to the point that they feel unable to perform daily activities without them. With each subsequent use, there is an escalating need for the drug in greater amounts. This cycle resembles a black hole, dragging individuals deeper into substance use disorder.

Physical Consequences of Substance Abuse on the Body

SUD carries significant health consequences, impacting various regulatory systems within the body. There are a range of mental and physical effects of drug abuse, influencing the following organs and systems:

• Cardiovascular system: Physiological effects of drugs, such as cocaine or methamphetamine, can increase heart rate and raise blood pressure, with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure.
• Gastrointestinal system: Substance abuse can result in gastrointestinal issues, including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Chronic alcohol abuse, in particular, can cause inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis), pancreatitis, and severe damage to the intestines.
• Respiratory system: Smoking and chronic inhalation of substances, like tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine, can damage the respiratory system leading to conditions such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or lung cancer. Additionally, opioid use can depress respiratory function, leading to respiratory failure and, in extreme cases, death.
• Liver: Many substances are metabolized by the liver, and prolonged substance abuse can lead to liver damage or failure. Alcohol abuse is a primary risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatitis.
• Kidneys: Certain substances can also adversely affect kidneys, which are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, leading to drug-induced nephrotoxicity and kidney failure.
• Muscular system: Chronic drug abuse can lead to muscle myopathy, weakness, and wasting.
• Reproductive system: SUD can negatively impact fertility and reproductive health in both males and females. In men, it can specifically lead to low testosterone levels, diminished sperm quality, and erectile dysfunction. In women, SUD causes irregular menstruation and ovulation and the risk of pregnancy complications.
• Urinary system: Some substances may cause bladder dysfunction or incontinence.

Effects of SUD on Brain

Substance use disorder can profoundly impact the brain, affecting its structure, function, and overall cognitive processes. The effects vary depending on the type of substance used, duration of use, and individual factors. Here are detailed effects on the neural system associated with substance abuse:

• Reward system and dopamine pathways: Drugs often stimulate the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. Chronic substance use can disrupt this system, leading to decreased sensitivity to natural rewards and a higher likelihood of continued substance-seeking behavior.
• Brain structure changes: Prolonged substance abuse can cause structural changes in the brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus.
• Neurotransmitter imbalance: Side effects of drug addiction include disruption of the brain chemistry and natural balance of neurotransmitters. For example, opioids depress the central nervous system, while stimulants like cocaine increase levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. This imbalance can contribute to mood disorders, anxiety, and other mental health issues.
• Neuroplasticity changes: Substance abuse can alter the brain’s neuroplasticity, affecting its ability to adapt and reorganize. This can make it challenging for the brain to recover normal functioning even after cessation of substance use.

How Do Drugs Affect Behavior and Mental Processes

The chemical alterations in the brain due to SUD can also manifest in noticeable changes in behavior patterns, mental health, and overall cognitive functioning. This, in turn, poses significant challenges to an individual’s well-being and daily life.

Behaviors

SUD can adversely affect the behavior patterns in daily life, placing individuals at risk and compromising their overall well-being. Those grappling with SUD may experience notable behavioral changes, including:

• Impaired judgment: Substance abuse can impair cognitive judgment, leading to poor impulsive decisions. This can include unprotected sex, driving under the influence, or engaging in criminal activities.
• Risky behaviors: The disinhibiting effects of certain substances can increase the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors, contributing to accidents, injuries, or exposure to infectious diseases.
• Aggression and violence: Some substances can heighten aggression and contribute to violent behavior. It poses not only a risk to the individual but also to those around them.
• Compulsive drug-seeking behavior: In SUD, the desire for the substance becomes compulsive, leading to a preoccupation with obtaining and using it. It can result in neglect of personal and professional responsibilities.
• Withdrawal and negative reinforcement: The fear of withdrawal symptoms can drive continued substance use as individuals seek to avoid the discomfort associated with stopping. This negative reinforcement contributes to the cycle of addiction.
• Social isolation and relationship strain: SUD can lead to social withdrawal and strained relationships. Individuals may prioritize substance use over social interactions, leading to isolation and damaged connections with family and friends.

Mental Processes

SUD jeopardizes mental functioning and well-being, taking a toll on various mental processes. Some of these processes affected by SUD include:

• Cognitive impairment: Substance abuse can have profound effects on cognitive function leading to memory loss, reduced attention span, impaired concentration, and difficulties in problem-solving.
• Mental health disorders: SUD often coexists with mental health disorders including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, psychosis, and schizophrenia. It can exacerbate pre-existing mental health conditions or contribute to the development of new problems.
• Psychiatric symptoms: Substance-induced psychiatric symptoms are not uncommon. Some substances can induce hallucinations, paranoia, or psychosis. For instance, prolonged methamphetamine use may lead to hallucinations and delusions, while heavy alcohol consumption can result in alcoholic psychosis.
• Mood and emotional regulation: Substance abuse can disrupt the brain’s natural mechanisms for mood and emotional regulation. Individuals with SUD may experience the emotional effects of drugs as extreme mood swings, heightened irritability, and an overall inability to cope with stress.

How to Get Help

The first step in getting help for substance use disorder is recognizing the signs and effects of drug abuse. Look out for sudden changes in behavior, such as increased secrecy, withdrawal from social activities, or neglect of responsibilities, as these can be indicators of substance abuse. SUD can also manifest as physical signs like changes in appearance, unexplained weight loss or gain, and deteriorating hygiene. However, it is important to note that these signs may not always indicate SUD.

Seeking Professional Help

The next step is to seek professional help from healthcare providers who will assess your situation in detail and devise a management approach. Healthcare professionals you can reach out to for drug addiction treatment include:

• Primary Care Physicians
• Mental Health Professionals
• Addiction Specialists

Treatment Options

Treatment for substance use disorder is multifaceted and tailored to individual needs. It often involves a combination of medical, behavioral, and psychosocial interventions depending on the substance in question. Here are common treatment options:

• Detoxification: The first step in many treatment programs is detoxification. It involves safely managing withdrawal symptoms as the body clears itself of the substance.
• Behavioral therapies: Therapeutic interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational enhancement therapy (MET), help individuals identify and change harmful behaviors and thought patterns.
• Medication-assisted treatment (MAT): MAT involves a combination of medicines (such as buprenorphine, acamprosate, and injectable naltrexone) with behavioral therapies and counseling to address substance use disorders. It is most commonly employed for alcohol and opioid use disorders.
• Telehealth services: There are various telehealth platforms offering counseling, therapy, and support groups, with the advantage of flexibility and accessibility to people struggling with SUD.

Support Groups and Counseling

Various support groups are available for individuals dealing with substance use disorder. These groups offer a supportive environment, shared experiences, and guidance from peers who understand the challenges of drug and alcohol addiction. Some well-known support groups include:

• Community-based organizations (CBOs): CBOs are non-profit organizations or grassroots groups like the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) that operate at the local level. They help create a comprehensive approach to substance abuse prevention and treatment through counseling, outreach programs, support groups, and community-based initiatives.
• State-funded treatment programs: State-funded programs aim to make treatment options like outpatient counseling, residential rehabilitation, detoxification services, and medication-assisted treatment accessible to individuals regardless of their financial situation. They often provide sliding-scale fees or free services based on income.
• 12-Step support programs: Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) provide a supportive environment for individuals going through the same situation to share their experiences, seek guidance, and work towards recovery.
• SMART Recovery program: SMART Recovery offers a science-based, self-help approach to recovery, focusing on building motivation, coping with urges, managing thoughts and behaviors, and maintaining a balanced lifestyle.

Conclusion

Substance abuse is a pervasive issue that affects individuals from all walks of life, leading to various health problems caused by drugs that extend far beyond the initial drug use. Understanding how substances affect behavior and mental processes is crucial in unraveling the intricate web of consequences that individuals face when grappling with substance abuse. It becomes imperative to prioritize prevention, intervention, and comprehensive treatment strategies to address the intricate interplay between physical and mental health. However, it is important to have hope and know that recovery is possible with the right support and interventions.

Author: Dr. Bradley Noon is a medical professional currently working at MEDvidi, an online mental health center. He earned his undergraduate degrees in Biology and Chemistry in San Diego and graduated with Honors from The University of Georgia Medical School in 1995.

The post What Are the Consequences of Substance Abuse on Body & Mind appeared first on Emerald-Jenny-Foundation.

• diagnosis;
• detoxification (withdrawal);
• rehabilitation;
• social adaptation;
• relapse therapy.

The method of drug addiction treatment is chosen by a specialist, taking into account the stage of drug addiction development, physiological characteristics of the patient, the mental state of the person, the reaction to the active components of drugs, the wishes of relatives, etc.

The main principle of drug addiction treatment is the formation of the patient’s desire and readiness to completely refuse to take narcotic substances. In this regard, the effectiveness of treatment largely depends on the right start or the so-called “motivational program”.

It should be noted that it is impossible to get rid of drug addiction on your own, so no entreaties, reproaches, and even more so threats from relatives will not help. If your loved one is addicted to drugs – it is necessary to immediately turn to specialists for help. Experienced psychologists and narcologists will be able to motivate the patient for drug treatment and develop an individual rehabilitation plan.

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• The first is the euphoric effect that comes after using the drug. Everyone expresses it differently. Some people have a frenzied energy, others “catch” hallucinations, etc. It all depends on what drugs are used. It all depends on what drugs were used.
• Reducing the effects of drugs. As soon as the effects of substances in the body stop, depression, apathy and fatigue often set in. Some fall into twilight sleep, others cannot fall asleep despite exhaustion.
• Suppression of other life content: addictive substances can be used to activate positive feelings and turn off negative feelings. This reduces the motivation to do it in a more laborious, time-consuming, but healthy way without addictive substances.
• Conditioning: previously neutral situations such as ending the day, eating, watching TV, going to the club, are now linked to drug use. The craving for an addictive substance is already triggered automatically on a subconscious level.
• Vicious circle: if addictive substances are used to escape from problems, a vicious circle often occurs – the drug use itself creates additional environmental problems. They reinforce the desire to escape from them with the drug.
• Habituation to the process. If a drug substance is used regularly, the body becomes accustomed to it. The user requires increasing amounts of the addictive substance to achieve the same effect. In addition, consumption becomes a natural part of life.
• Withdrawal symptoms. If physical or mental dependence occurs, withdrawal symptoms such as a strong desire for the addictive substance (craving), tremors, anxiety, sweating, depression, and fears occur. The addictive substance is no longer taken to achieve a positive effect, but to alleviate the withdrawal syndrome.

The same is true for legal drugs: those who are at greater risk are those who are in an environment where there is a lot of smoking or drinking and medication use.

This becomes especially challenging when the following factors are present:

• early use (young people who start using addictive substances at an early age are particularly at risk of becoming addicted);
• frequency and amount of use (anyone who rarely drinks alcohol or smokes pot will probably never cross the critical threshold to become addicted, but this is not the case with heavy or very frequent use.

It is unrealistic to get rid of addiction on your own, you need the help of specialists.

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Thanks to the procedure called detoxification, substances that have accumulated over a couple of months of drug use are completely removed from the body. The method involves the use of medical drugs to relieve withdrawal syndrome. Practiced procedures such as visiting a sauna, bath, use of herbal collections. With the help of such procedures, sweating increases, detox is provided.

Psychological help is considered another method of combating drug addiction. It is needed immediately after the withdrawal syndrome, when patients are faced with a feeling of desolation and they have a desire to take another dose. At this stage, the help of experienced psychologists and psychotherapists will be lifesaving, new opportunities will open up and there will be an incentive to continue to lead a sober life.

Rehabilitation is also associated with psychological effects. It is characterized by a long period of time (from several months to a year). With the help of this approach it is possible to prove to the addict that he is not alone, he can always be supported, taken care of, and life without illegal drugs is much better than with them.

What is the essence of prevention?

Prevention of drug addiction is a demonstration and promotion of a healthy lifestyle, which does not include advertising of illegal drugs. It is impossible to call to be sober, when everywhere are offered options of “harmless high”, accompanied by fun, great mood and friendly company.

Drug addiction is a buzz that is regularly advertised by the older generation. One has to imagine what consequences await a person if he starts using drugs and cannot stop. In case of problems, it is better to call competent professionals and start interacting with them.

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